Consider the following graph (there are THREE QUESTIONS below addressing the graph):

Question 1

Which of the following statements DOES NOT FOLLOW from the data presented in the graph above:

Select one:

a. Women always earn more money than men.

b. The trend of the ratio of college income to high school income for women and men from 1963 to 2013 has, overall, been upward.

c. The ratio of college income to high school income has increased substantially for both men and women from 1963 to 2013.

d. The ratio of college income to high school income from 1963 to 2013 is higher for women than for men.

e. Earning a college degree overall increases the likelihood of earning more than those with only a high school education.

Question 2

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Which of the following statements FOLLOWS from the data represented in the graph above:

Select one:

a. A man with a high school education earns more money than most women.

b. Males under the age of 25 earn more money than females under the age of 25.

c. Prior to 1963 the median income of men with a four year college degree was more than double the median income of men with only four years of high school.

d. In 2013 women over 25 with a four year degree earned, on average, more than double what women with only a high school education earned.

e. Going to college is a breeze.

Question 3

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Which of the following statements is the most reasonable interpretation of the data presented in the graph:

Select one:

a. Its better to be a woman than a man.

b. A person with a college degree will always earn more than a person without a college degree.

c. Going to college for one year is always money well spent.

d. Men with Ph.D’s will earn five times more than men with four year college degrees.

e. Earning a college degree has greater importance for income potential in 2013 than it did in 1965.

Question 4

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An example of a causal slippery slope argument is:

Select one:

a. If you breath smoke, it is not good for you. So, don’t breath smoke.

b. If you don’t wear a mask, then you are at higher risk for COVID; and the consequences of getting COVID can be horrible. So, you should wear a mask.

c. Speaking one’s mind all the time makes other people irritated. And, I meet way too many irritated people–so people should stop talking.

d. If the United States raises tariffs, China will raise tariffs. Then, Europe will raise tariffs. Eventually there will be an all out trade war. The economy will collapse, there will be a depression, and I will lose my job.

e. Donald Trump and Joe Biden are wrong all the time. Therefore, they are wrong about whatever they will say next.

Question 5

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Argument 2): All the cartoons on Cartoon Network have characters that are aggressive, mean, and edgy. So, I will not allow my daughter to watch any of those shows.

An unstated assumption, a missing premise of Argument 2), that is also a normative belief or statement, is the following:

Select one:

A. Watching cartoons with characters that are aggressive, mean and edgy is not good for my daughter.

B. Cartoon Network should be taken off the air.

C. My daughter likes Disney films.

D. All American television is bad for children.

E. Instead of my daughter watching, I will watch these cartoons.

Question 6

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Consider the following following argument,

“Analysts say that the stock market will recover by the end of the year and we will see jobs recovery the following spring. So, I am optimistic about jobs next year.”

The following argument could be classified as,

Select one:

A. An ad hominem fallacy

B. A false analogy

C. A modus ponens.

D. An ad populum argument.

E. An appeal to expert testimony.

Question 7

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Speaker A: Donald Trump’s immigration policy is a failure. The wall never got built. Talented people were kept out of our country. Children put in cages. Families torn apart.

Speaker B: And if Biden is elected he will open up the borders. That doesn’t make sense.

Speaker B commits which of the following fallacies in responding to Speaker A?

(SELECT THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER)

Select one:

A. Slippery Slope

B. Straw man

C. Ad hominem

D. False analogy

E. Proper hoc ergo hoc.

Question 8

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Consider the argument below by the Politician:

Question: What do you think of Sander’s proposal that the federal government should forgive all student debt?

Politician: Federal student loan debt is around 1.5 trillion dollars. Writing off that much debt would require either selling more treasuries and/or printing money–to cover both the principal and the interest payments on the debt–either way there would be dangers that the American economy would eventually come under inflationary pressures with higher interest rates, and the dollar may weaken as well– particularly given the fact that this would almost certainly be just the tip of an iceberg in enormous, new Federal financial obligations under a Sander’s administration.

From among the statements below which is the most reasonable and accurate way to characterize this argument?

Select one:

A. This argument is a slippery slope fallacy.

B. This argument answers the question with an argument and provides evidence for the conclusion.

C. This argument commits the fallacy of false analogy.

D. This is an ad hominem fallacy.

E. This argument commits the Straw Man fallacy.

Question 9

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Consider the following argument:

Jack wants to earn at least $150,000 a year and it must happen in a year and a half. So, he enrolled in Phoenix University’s MBA program.

Which of the following statements is both an implicit assumption of the above argument and a descriptive statement?

Select one:

A. The University of Phoenix has great advertisements

B. The University of Phoenix is one of the largest universities in the United States.

C. Jack would probably choose GGU over Phoenix if he knew what was good for him.

D. Jack is not a very smart guy.

E. Graduating from the University of Phoenix MBA program will allow Jack to earn at least $150,000 a year within a year and a half.

Question 10

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Consider the following,

“Most COVID-19 cases are either asymptomatic or mild in their symptoms. If we don’t find a way to test for and identify these cases, we will not be able to contain the spread of the disease.”

The implied conclusion of this argument is,

Select one:

a. COVID-19 cannot be contained.

b. Only some COVID-19 cases are severe.

c. COVID-19 is a bad disease.

d. We must find a way to test for and identify asymptomatic and mild cases.

e. Most COVID-19 cases are mild.

Question 11

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What is an unstated, implicit assumption of the argument below?

“Most COVID-19 cases are either asymptomatic or mild in their symptoms. If we don’t find a way to test for and identify these cases, we will not be able to contain the spread of the disease.”

Select one:

a. Unidentified asymptomatic and mild cases will cause the spread of the disease.

b. We must find a way to test for mild cases.

c. COVID 19 is not really that dangerous.

d. The speaker is not afraid.

e. Most COVID-19 cases are mild.

Question 12

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Consider the following argument,

“The university currently has 20% of its courses taught online only, 30% taught with a mixture of online and in class instruction, and 50% taught ‘in-class only’. 80% of the courses taught ‘in-class only’ can be transitioned to online instruction only, and 100% of the mixed instruction courses can be transitioned to online instruction only. The only way to reach our ‘goal’ is to find a way to transition the other 20% of the in class courses to online instruction only.”

What is the ‘goal’ of the university assumed in this argument?

Select one:

a. To have no more than 15% of its courses taught in class.

b. To have 80% of its course taught online only.

c. To have no more than 20% of its courses taught in class

d. To have 100% of university courses taught online only.

e. To make more money.

QUESTION 13

Which of the following statements cannot be deduced from the information presented in this graph?

Select one:

a. Past-month marijuana use among the 12-17 age group has gone up considerably from 2002 to 2017

b. Between 2013 to 2014 past-month marijuana use among the 55-64 age group jumped a little over 1%.

c. From 2012 to 2017 the 65+ age group has always had the lowest rate of past-month marijuana use.

d. Past-month marijuana use among the 55-64 age group has significantly increased from 2002 to 2017.

e. Past-month marijuana use among the 55-64 age group and the the 12-17 age group as of 2017 is almost the same.

QUESTION 14

Martha is liberal politically and believes that the government spends too much money on the military and too little on education. She saw a story about a school on the news that could not afford computers for their students. Her first thought was “We need to cut the military budget.”

Martha’s reasoning that “we need to cut the military budget” because “a school could not afford computers for their students” could be interpreted as which of the following cognitive biases?

Select one:

a. Anchoring bias

b. Confirmation bias

c. Alief bias

d. Peak and Effect Bias

e. The G.I Joe Fallacy

QUESTION 15

Empathy and active listening are both characteristics of what habit of mind?

Select one:

a. Fair-mindedness

b. Alief bias

c. Groupthink

d. Cognitive dissonance

e. Emotional reasoning